This book constitutes the revised selected papers from the 23rd International Conference on Mathematical Optimization Theory and Operations Research, MOTOR 2024, held in Omsk, Russia from June 30 to July 06, 2024. The 26 full papers included in this book were carefully reviewed and selected from 79 submissions. These papers have been organized in the following topical sections: Mathematical programming; Combinatorial optimization; Operations research; and Machine learning and optimization.