Neutron activation analysis (NAA) is the technique most widely used in research reactors worldwide. Six decades of experience in NAA has resulted in commonly applied analytical protocols, with measurements at about two to seven days and at three weeks after neutron irradiation. NAA with short half-life radionuclides enables an analysis turnaround time of one working day in principle. It also enables the detection of many important elements that cannot otherwise be measured with NAA based on longer half-lives. It may therefore provide competitive and, in some cases, even unique opportunities for an NAA facility. This opportunity is not fully seized by NAA laboratories due to the technical and analytical difficulties involved. This publication addresses all aspects of the implementation and optimization of NAA with short half-life radionuclides.